Gender: Male
Status: Single
Age: 24
Sign: Capricorn
Country: EG
Signup Date: 1/19/2007
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Thursday, March 20, 2008
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Current mood:  angry
We are happy to announce the launch of a joint mail campaign in support of Kareem together with the Committee to Protect Bloggers. From April 7 through April 21, both organizations are encouraging their readers to go analogue and write Kareem a letter or postcard. There are several reasons for another analogue campaign: First, we’ve organized demonstrations and public outreach events all over the world but nothing that targets Kareem directly. It is time for a campaign that focuses on him in personal way! He really enjoys letters and they make a difference to him, as he has stated before. Second, a sufficient amount of such mail will remind Egyptian authorities that Kareem, bloggers in general and prisoners of conscience over all, are not alone. Remember, when Kareem was being tortured several months ago, the focus of international media was instrumental in stopping it. And finally, this campaign means an opportunity for us to really do something directly for Kareem. We have asked you to write to Kareem before, and by all means continue it! But now we are especially asking you to send him at least one letter between April 7 and April 21. During this period, let’s "flood the jail with mail"! Below you find the address in English, followed by a picture of it in Arabic. It goes without saying that both versions (if you are writing from a non-Arabic country) must be on the mail to assure that it gets delivered. Alexandria
Borg Al-Arab Prison
Room 1 Section 22
Prisoner Abdul Kareem Nabil Suleiman
The Arab Republic of Egypt
Kareem’s address in Arabic (mandatory to be included on the envelope)
Please also have a look at Alexandra Sandels’’ article about this campaign at Menassat, which includes statements by Esra’a and Wa7damasrya as well as some background information. If you need more information about the "Flood the Jail with Mail" campaign, please feel free to contact us. Share This
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Sunday, July 01, 2007
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Message from Behind prison walls (#2)
I have been detained for a whole week now. I expected this since long time ago. Usually, I expect the worst in order no to be shocked and subsequently collapse. I can say that I was in high spirits along this period. I did not feel the time passing despite the rarity of entertainment and time-wasting tools. I did my best to waste time by talking to those around me and giving hope to desperate ones. I also read some of the newspapers sent to some prisoners. It is noteworthy that I am the only person detained for a speech case in the whole prison. Most of the accusations range from robbery – all types of robbery – and drug traffic. This made me feel distinguished, despite this means nothing in a prison. In prison, all are equally suffering. Probably my fate is much worse than those colleagues who got accustomed with staying in such places!
The place of provisional detention, where I exist, in Moharram Beik Police station is divided into two floors. The higher floor contains a room for political detainees transferred by State Security Bureau. In the lower floor (underground), there are four rooms; two rooms are for provisional detention upon public prosecution resolution, one room for women, and another room for the prisoners sentenced by the court and awaiting transformation to their final prison.
I spent one whole week in one of the provisional detention rooms before I had – yesterday – to move to the second room, after I suffered many difficulties in dealing with colleague prisoners. They behave in barbarian way, do not respect the privacy of others, and interfere in others' affairs. I had to limit the amounts of food I take per meal to avoid going to the very dirty bathroom. That is not only because of being unsuitable for human usage, but also because there is no lock to close it when I get in. It is not weird to find more than one person using the bathroom at the same moment. In the very little times I use it, I had to ask some colleague to stand close to the door and prevent any one from getting in until I finish. Apparently, this provoked sarcasm to the extent that they decided to mock me and laugh at me with no regard to my reaction at all. Once I got in the bathroom, I found two others trying to open the door in spite of my will. I could not help screaming until they stopped and closed the door again. I got out of the bathroom with great anger, particularly that I realized that person I asked to stand close the door conspired with them. Therefore, I had to move to the other room, which is much calmer as it includes only ten detainees in comparison to more than thirty in the other room.
I write these words while a sunbeam is stealthily moving into the small calm room that I am staying in now. In the other room, we can only tell what time is by looking at our watches. I spend the whole night yesterday waiting to know if the morning has come. It seems that the sole sunbeam is going to disappear too. It already disappeared. However, the barbed window overlooking on the wide space will tell me the time passing and the time remaining. I missed this in the other room that looks like a mass grave where people are buried alive.
During the last week, I got out of prison twice. The first one was when I went to renovation session. The judge ordered me to be imprisoned for additional fifteen days. The other one was when my name was enlisted among the prisoners to be transformed to Gharbiniat prison in Borg El-Arab. In the last time, we carried our luggage and they packed us in a vehicle with other dozens of prisoners from other police stations. The road took more than one hour before we eventually reach Gharbiniat prison.
We got into prison in a general inhuman atmosphere and insult. We were forced to get undressed except for hiding our body molestation, to process the routine medical examinations. An officer called me and asked me about my accusations. Once I told him, he asked me to wear my civil clothes again in order to be returned to Moharram Beik police station in transformation vehicle.
I saw with my eyes, at that day, how the incoming prisoners are treated. They are insulted severely and some times they are beaten by plastic sticks that make bloody signs on their bodies. It seemed to me like driving a group of sheep to their prisons. This can be a suitable way to deal with humans. It is true that they are guilty. Yet, this does not mean that they are not humans.
I will be seen by the renovation judge on Wednesday 22/11. I am not sure that I will be released or transformed to trial and subsequently face imprisonment. Anyway, I am not afraid of the consequences. I did not commit some regrettable mistake. On the contrary, I am so proud of what I did. No power on Earth can force me to retreat or surrender. I always ask myself when I feel depressed: what did they take from me to regret losing it? Their absolute stupidity made them believe that they took my freedom away because I expressed my views. Did they gave us our freedom from the beginning so they can take it now? Egypt is simply a large prison; I can move with some more freedom within its borders. Yet, this is not the freedom I seek. Instead, I am working on crashing the restrictions of my thought and speech. The most powerful man on earth may not take them away from me unless by killing me.
Here I quote the magical expression of the Egyptian novelist, Ne'amat El-Behiery whom I wish to be cured soon from the monster attacking her body. I quote: "I am not sad. I do not see my self as a piece of meat all what it cares for is to fulfill its sensual needs and animalistic instincts, in order to reproduce my rage into a deficit freedom."
To all those who support me in my crisis: I wish I can pay your favor back. I owe you many favors, which I will not forget as long as I live.
To my beloved Sahar: When I remember you and your sufferings with the patriarchal society and your patience and persistence to cause some changed in your society, I become more and more strong and I have great hope to cause a general change in the world around me.
To my dear friend Sara: They will not crash me from within as you imagine. Just remember that the strike that will not kill you, will definitely strengthen you.
I end up my letter with hope that it can be published as soon as possible. That is only if I was lucky and some one of my friends visits me soon in this prison.
Abdul Kareem Nabeil Suliman Monday 13/11/2006 From the civil prison of Moharram Beik Police Station
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Tuesday, June 26, 2007
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CAIRO: Arab and Chinese youth activists will be joining forces in a new Internet campaign calling for the release of imprisoned Chinese bloggers and demanding greater freedom of expression in China.
The campaign "New Youth 4" received its name after the case of the four young Chinese activists Jin Haike, Xu Wei, Yang Zili and Zhang Honghai, who in 2003 were charged with "subverting state power and the overthrowing of the socialist system" and sentenced to prison for setting up the Internet discussion group the "New Youth Society;" a forum allegedly advocating social and democratic reform.
The Beijing Intermediate People's Court sentenced the men to long prison terms in spring 2003 ranging between eight to ten years; a verdict that has been subject to strong criticism from international rights groups, including Amnesty International and Committee to Protect Journalists.
The campaign, accessible at www.newyouth4.org, is inspired and hosted by the Free Kareem Coalition — an online project launched by Arab activists in support of the imprisoned Egyptian student blogger Kareem Amer who earlier this year was sentenced to four years in prison for defaming Islam and President Mubarak on his weblog.
"It was from watching the success of freekareem.org that we began to think that we could make a difference here in China. I contacted some friends who knew the people behind Freekareem.org and they seemed to understand at once how important our project in China was," the New Youth 4 Coordinator who asked to remain anonymous told The Daily Star Egypt in an email interview.
Esra'a Ahmed, director of the Free Kareem Coalition told The Daily Star Egypt that the right to free speech is an "incredibly important cause to fight for," leading her team to help set up the New Youth 4 only days after receiving the request.
Furthermore, Ahmed emphasized the importance of networking between activist communities in different parts of the world.
"Networking is extremely powerful. Today these Chinese activists need our help, tomorrow we might need theirs. We help each other and that will strengthen our campaigns and hopefully help us achieve our goals," she said.
Both Egypt and China have come under strong criticism from rights groups for alleged web censorship and crackdowns on the countries' so-called "cyber dissidents."
So far in Egypt this year, Alexandrian blogger Kareem Amer has been sentenced to four years in prison for defaming Islam and President Mubarak on his Internet blog while the Brotherhood's blogger/journalist Abdel Moneim Mahmoud was arrested in Mid-April on what appeared to be rather unclear charges. Rights groups, activists, and the Brotherhood stress that Mahmoud's detainment was a consequence of his online writings, where he posed criticism towards the Egyptian government.
Most recently, blogger Omar Sharkawy was arrested and detained on June 11 for three days while covering alleged fraud at Egypt's recent Shoura elections.
In late 2006, Egypt was crowned one of the worlds 13 worst Internet Enemies by Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF) or Reporters without borders with the argument that the Egyptian authorities "display an extremely disturbing authoritarianism as regards the Internet."
In regards to China, RSF refers to the giant in the East in a 2007 report as the "world's most advanced country in Internet filtering."
"The authorities carefully monitor technological progress to ensure that no new window of free expression opens up, after initially targeting websites and chat forums, they nowadays concentrate on blogs and video exchange sites. China now has nearly 17 million bloggers. Although it is an enormous number, very few of them dare to tackle sensitive issues, still less criticize government policy. Firstly, because China's blog tools include filters that block 'subversive' word strings. Secondly, because the companies operating these services, both Chinese and foreign, are pressured by the authorities to control content," RSF stated.
According to RSF figures, 52 persons are currently imprisoned for "expressing themselves too freely online."
New Youth's Coordinator added to The Daily Star Egypt that "speaking your mind in China can be a dangerous game."
Furthermore, New Youth 4 emphasized that while Egypt and China differ greatly from one another in terms of geography, culture, and language, the process of silencing dissent and open discussion is "eerily similar."
"In the cases of Egypt and China, it appears that we have weak governments that do not understand that a nation can become stronger through open dialogue," they told The Daily Star Egypt.
When asked whether pressure from rights groups and activists can influence the decisions of national governments, Ahmed answers "most definitely," highlighting the numerous rallies and campaigns organized in several world capitals by the Free Kareem Coalition.
"Thanks to worldwide rallies our team organized, many leaders, and politicians from all over the world quickly gained interest and expressed their concerns regarding Egypt's human rights abuses," Ahmed claimed.
New Youth's 4 Coordinator also emphasized the importance of public pressure, stressing that "public suasion is an incredibly powerful tool."
"We are not trying to shame the Chinese government (in this campaign). We seek to convince them to look at the case of the four bloggers. So much as hearing from other citizens of the world is very, very helpful in our endeavors," said the coordinator.
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Saturday, May 12, 2007
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Kareem's pro bono lawyers have submitted a cassation file for him: Revocation of Karim Amer's verdict: Last chance for justice.
They point out to the following reasons why the verdict should be challenged:
• The verdict was based on the complaints and testimonials of Al-Azhar University's suspected disciplinary board • The court failed to identify the basic factors of the crime of profiting by religion to publish radical concepts, stipulated in Article 98 • The court applied a term doesn't exist in the law • The two verdicts violated the right to defense, by refusing to resolve in the defense team's basic demands and holding back the suit discarding the defense's verbal pleading in the first sessions
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Saturday, March 17, 2007
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From the U.S. Department of State: Egyptian Blogger Appeal Denied.
Press Statement Sean McCormack, Spokesman Washington, DC March 15, 2007
Egyptian Blogger Appeal Denied
The United States is disappointed that the initial appeal of Egyptian student blogger, Abdel Karim Soliman, was not successful. He is the first Egyptian blogger to be prosecuted for the content of his remarks, and his conviction is a setback for human rights in Egypt. The role of freedom of expression is critical in a democratic and prosperous society. The right to freedom of opinion and expression, through any media, applies to everyone and is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. We were deeply concerned by his conviction and prison sentence for expressing his opinions. We note that Mr. Soliman can pursue a further appeal, and we will continue to closely monitor this case.
2007/192
Released on March 15, 2007
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Tuesday, March 13, 2007
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Dalia Ziada, a human rights activist and translator based in Cairo, reports that the Alexandria Appeal Court has upheld the four-year prison sentence against Kareem Amer.
Furthermore, the judge approved a civil claim filed by the eleven lawyers who want to fine Kareem for 'insulting Islam'.
Kareem's lawyers will apply for the Court of Cassation (third degree).
Abdul Kareem Nabeel Suleiman, a.k.a. Kareem Amer, is in prison because he blogged his personal opinions on the Internet.
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Thursday, March 08, 2007
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Notes:
• The article below is an English translation of the final entry Abdul Kareem Nabeel Suleiman (alias: Kareem Amer) published on his blog on October 28, 2006, prior to his arrest.
• Kareem was interrogated two days later, and was arrested on November 6, 2006.
• The original text can be found below, or at his blog.
• This translation was produced by the Free Kareem Coalition, an interfaith alliance of young bloggers and college students committed to the principles of freedom of thought and freedom of speech.
• Distribution of this translation is encouraged. An Adobe PDF file of this translation is available for distribution: Get PDF version here. Your Blessings, O Azhar!
By Abdul Kareem Nabeel Suleiman (Kareem Amer)
Saturday, October 28, 2006
The human being might be forced to be connected to something, and he would find himself incapable of getting rid of it in spite of his rejection and hatred of it. However, a defining moment might come when he will be granted the opportunity to get rid of this heavy connection forever, without any results or side effects to follow.
It is rare for the separation from this thing to be accompanied with quasi-harsh or undesirable results. Nevertheless, it is a matter that may occur, and an example of that is what is happening with me and what I am facing these days.
I joined Al-Azhar to study in accordance with my parents' desires. In spite of my complete rejection of Al-Azhar and religious thought (at a subsequent time), and despite my writings that strongly criticize religion's infiltration into the public life, its control over human beings' behavior and dealings with each other, and its directing them in conduct, getting rid of these fetters, which were in the form of my (formerly) being a student at Al-Azhar University, was not something easy or trivial as I had envisioned it would be.
When I obtained my freedom in the form of a final expulsion paper from the university last March, I had envisioned that these issues had ended at this point, and that obtaining this document was tantamount to my liberation from Al-Azhar University's capture and its authoritarianism, first on its students' lives, then on society members and on life in our country in varying degrees. I ignored what the Al-Gomhuria newspaper published regarding a copy of the investigation papers from my disciplinary board session – which I did not sign for reasons personal to me – being sent to the Public Prosecutor. I also ignored the university administration's unpublicized refusal of handing me my file. I let life run as it is without engrossing myself in thinking of what might happen after that; this impression was in light of the fact that they had expelled me and hence that gave rest to all of us. I had thought that this was the end of my relationship with them, and I said: Let them keep my file with them. And indeed, I proceeded to apply for new original documents from these on my file, which I was in great need of.
However, it seems that the 'blessings' of Al-Azhar to its students cannot be easily erased. They keep pursuing students like a shadow. For instance, a student who obtained the Azharite Secondary Certificate cannot hand in paperwork requesting to study at any public university. I have repeatedly tried to do it this year, and in years before my expulsion, but all my endeavors yielded failure. The mere fact that you have obtained this notorious certificate disqualifies you from studying like other citizens in this country, who differ from you by carrying the General Secondary Certificate!
It also seems that the 'blessings' of Al-Azhar to its students are not limited to depriving them of completing their studies far away from it. What had happened, and what will happen to me in the coming days, seriously prove to me that these Azharite 'blessings' do not leave a student who tries to rebel against the university, and who attempts to reject what he is forced to study in it – from things that are inconsistent with logic, and that incite to violence against people who differ in creed – until he faces the edge of the grave (just as what was about to happen to me by impetuous students of the Sharia & Law Faculty, who were close to having me killed with their white weapons [knives] in jealousy for the religion of Allah – as one of the higher-level students justified to me at a later time – during last May in front of the faculty. Nevertheless, predestination, which I do not believe in, had written for me a new lease on life, and I managed to escape from their hands), or until he enters the gates of prison. And it seems that this is what I will be facing in the coming days, despite my dislike of rushing to predict future events and to foretell of what is unknown, but I always expect everything that is bad so the truth does not strike me at once.
Several hours ago, a summons reached my house, demanding my presence to appear for an investigation next Monday at the Moharram Bek Prosecutor Office. This is due to the investigations that the Prosecutor is initiating in the case that Al-Azhar raised with me by its intervention in what I write and publish outside its walls, on the free cyberspace that does not acknowledge any authority on what its users publish on it. It seems that the 'blessings' of Al-Azhar, which I vainly imagined that I had gotten rid of after I had obtained my liberation document from it, still follow me to this day. The summons by the Prosecutor to investigate me on this matter is one of the manifestations of these 'blessings', which do not leave their companion until he is in a situation similar to that of Dr. Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, whose Al-Azhar blessings resulted in a court ruling that separated him from his wife; or in a similar situation to that of Dr. Ahmed Sobhi Mansour, whose Al-Azhar blessings resulted in him going to jail and then being forced to permanently emigrate from the country; or, at best, they leave him in a situation similar to that of Dr. Nawal Al-Saadawi, Ahmed Al-Shahawy, and others whom Al-Azhar has always recommended and recommends the confiscation of their writings, and the prevention of their distribution in the market.
I'm not afraid at all. My happiness that the enemies of free thought deal with me by employing such methods – which only the intellectually bankrupt excel at – make me more confident of myself, more steadfast in my principles, and on readiness to face anything for the sake of expressing my free opinion, without any restrictions imposed on me by governments, religious institutions, or even the totalitarian society, whose continuation serves these vile methods that the enemies of thought and the hobbyists of drugging, either by religion or by drugs, are no good at employing.
The mere existence of legal provisions that criminalize freedom of thought, and punish to prison whoever criticizes religion in any way, is considered to be a grave defect in the law. The law was supposed to be founded to regulate the relationships of the individuals in the society, not for suppressing their freedom for the benefit of religion, the law itself, or the social order. The human being – the individual – is the first, and his existence preceded everything. On that basis, criminalizing the human being for criticizing the social order, religion, or authority – which are things that came following the appearance of the first human being – is considered to be a grave defect in these laws. Such laws greatly transgress their powers to intervene in matters pertaining to the freedom of the personal individual, which is the sanctified area that no human being, regardless of who he is, has the right to transgress.
I hereby declare, in all frankness and clarity, my rejection and repudiation of any law, any legislation, and any regime that does not respect the individual's rights and personal freedom, and does not acknowledge the absolute freedom of the individual in doing anything – as long as he does not affect anyone around him in a physical way –, and does not acknowledge the individuals' absolute freedom in expressing their opinions, whatever they may be and whatever they cover, as long as this opinion is merely an opinion or words coming from a person, and is not coupled with any physical action that harms others. At the same time, I declare, in all clarity, that such laws do not obligate me in any way, and I do not acknowledge them or their existence. I detest, from the depths of my soul, whoever works on implementing them, whoever uses them as a guide, and whoever is satisfied with their existence or benefits from them. And if these laws are forced upon us, and we have no power or strength in changing them because that is in the hands of those in power with agendas, who are more than satisfied for the existence of such laws and are making use of it: Nevertheless, all of this will not push me into submission, or into waiting for relief and appeasement.
I hereby declare that I do not acknowledge the legitimacy of my summons to investigate a matter like this, which is within the realm of my freedom to express my opinions. This freedom was stipulated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which Egypt has supposedly signed. Moreover, setting this declaration aside, and even if it did not exist, and even if Egypt did not sign it, human rights are very self-evident matters that do not require legislations or laws to regulate them or to define their essence.
To every gloating and spiteful person among those who envision that the likes of these primitive measures might change my positions, affect me, or force me to stray from walking in the path that I have set for myself, I say: Die in your rage and hide in your burrows. I shall not recant, not even by an inch, from any word I have written. These restrictions will not preclude my dream of obtaining my freedom, for that has been my wish ever since I was a child, and it will continue to run in my imagination in endlessness.
And to Al-Azhar University, its professors, and its Islamic scholars, who stood and are still standing against anyone who thinks in a free manner, far away from their metaphysical aspects and superstitions, I say: You will end up in the junkyard of history, and when that time comes, you will not find anyone to cry over you. Rest assured that your grasp will disappear as has happened with others like you. Happy is he who took advice from others!
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Wednesday, March 07, 2007
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Reporters Without Borders states that Egypt is bucking to host a stage of the United Nations-sponsored Internet Governance Forum in 2009 (ironically, the country is on the group's list of 13 Internet enemies). Lobby against Egypt's inclusion in this event by contacting Nitin Desai, the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Adviser for Internet Governance, at igf@unog.ch. (Mailing address and phone/fax numbers here).
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Wednesday, March 07, 2007
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Free Speech on Internet a Basic Human Right, United States Says State Department "very concerned" over sentencing of Egyptian blogger
By Stephen Kaufman USINFO Staff Writer
Washington — The U.S. State Department expressed concern over the conviction and sentencing of an Egyptian blogger to four years in prison due to his comments posted online, and said the freedom of expression on the Internet is "part of general, basic human rights."
State Department deputy spokesman Tom Casey said February 22 that 22-year-old Abdel Karim Suleiman is "the first Egyptian blogger to be prosecuted for the contents of his remarks."
Suleiman was convicted by an Alexandria court in connection with eight articles he had written since 2004. Egyptian authorities said the articles were insulting to Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and the Islamic faith.
Casey expressed concern over the curtailment of free speech.
"[C]ertainly, while we have great respect for all religions, including certainly Islam, the role of freedom of expression is critical for the development of a democratic and prosperous society," he said, adding that the right to express one's opinions and views includes what one posts on the Internet.
"I think we view them as part of general, basic human rights," he said.
The deputy spokesman said the Bush administration has discussed the issue in general terms with the Egyptian government and had mentioned Suleiman by name in its 2005 human rights report. (See related article.)
"I understand we'll be discussing this specific action with them as well," he said.
The State Department has increased its efforts to combat Internet censorship around the world, recently allocating $500,000 in support of Internet freedom projects and is expanding its section concerning online freedom of speech in its upcoming human rights report.
U.S. officials also held a January 30 conference on Internet freedom that brought U.S. officials together with human rights organizations and the corporate world, including leading companies involved in Internet communication, to address government restriction of the flow of information on the Web. (See related article.)
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Tuesday, February 27, 2007
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At the International Herald Tribune: Egyptian blogger's lawyers appeal his 4 years prison sentence (hat tip: Renée).
Important note: The appeal can only decrease Kareem Amer's sentence term. Even if he wins the appeal, he will not be immediately released.
Egyptian blogger's lawyers appeal his 4 years prison sentence
The Associated Press Published: February 26, 2007
CAIRO, Egypt: Lawyers for an Egyptian blogger convicted and sentenced to four years in prison for insulting Islam and Egypt's president filed an appeal Monday.
Abdel Kareem Nabil, a former student at Egypt's Al-Azhar University, had been a vocal secularist and sharp critic of conservative Muslims in his blog. He often lashed out at Al-Azhar — the most prominent religious center in Sunni Islam — calling it "the university of terrorism" and accusing it of encouraging extremism.
One of Nabil's lawyers Rawda Ahmed said an appeal was filed Monday and a court hearing was set for March 12.
A criminal court in Alexandria, Nabil's hometown, has issued its four year's verdict on Thursday. The conviction has brought a flood of condemnations from international and Egyptian human rights groups, as well as from fellow bloggers [Thank you —ed.]. Washington also has said it was concerned about the verdict and sentence.
But Egyptian authorities have staunchly defended the court's decision.
"No one, no matter who he might be, has the right to interfere with Egyptian legal matters or comments on Egypt's decisions," Egypt's Foreign Minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit said in a statement on Friday.
Judge Ayman al-Akazi sentenced Nabil, 22, to three years in prison for insulting Islam and the Prophet Muhammad and inciting sectarian strife and another year for insulting President Hosni Mubarak.
Nabil, who has called himself a secular Muslim, did not react as the verdict was read. His religious family didn't attend any of the trial sessions.
Egypt, a top U.S. ally in the Mideast, arrested a number of bloggers last year, most of them for connections to the pro-democracy reform movement. Nabil was put on trial while other bloggers were freed — a sign of the sensitivity of his writings on religion.
Nabil, who used the blogger name Kareem Amer, was an unusually scathing critic of conservative Muslims. His frequent attacks on Al-Azhar, where he was a law student, led the university to expel him in March, then push prosecutors to bring him to trial.
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