new millenium enertainment present the stephehan hawking a cshort history of the universe

recording cambridge

first time
i am going to five this course of lectures with the help of a computer and synthesize etc

i shall try to give a theory adeas about the uinivsers

the universe is not static it desniety is not empyou iwll never come out of this black hole again

this is a singularity

howevery general relativigity
....tying out from left to right

these are formed when a massi e star comallapses in on itself according to floolish  forver


this ldead to vmi would be like the surface of ethe earth but with 2 more deminesnions

the past is so diffeertn from the future even the laws of physicics are triosmetiruc

we shall really understand the unieverse

ideas

to combe back to the subject of this lecture

as long ago as 5230 bb asnharistotle was ablke to put forth

the earth coming betewen the sun of tghe moon

if ther aerth happene da falp disc

unless the exlipse occured a second

......
from the difference in the apparent positivon of thea redisounathe a050 iait not ahainmo but  habbe a yards this mwould make ariang uoaccepte difigue theg greeks sghaea fehgo asneone btaha the horizons

wi

since wheb does when see the arerth coming fomr the hozeiriozon

and the fie planets lnown that time

the planets are complicated

they are fixe stars


now i am broadcasting
there is a lgihter sense
a much simpler model was proposede by a pollish priest
copernicus
sadly a century passed before he was seriously
then javenmecker and galelaleellyly observed
it wa true the ptolemayic theory upstarted serving the knights dry with a telescope

the moons of jupiter moved at exteremely fast appreaances around the earth

keepplerrrrr

hes done it again

the predicionts now finally matched the observations

eliptical ordiancesnes were repugenant than circles

he could not reconcled with the plastics were made to a level next to 687 when newton published his notorialistic cause

the only most imopratnat physical sciecesn ever

hse not only feveloped time

but delecpoped a guniversal graviatiaion to those around it

the story that newton was hit on the apple
simply apocryhpal

to know that something that is so dry and abesnt is so vidid

would they not all fall together at some point

then im not rihard bentley

this would not have happened if there were only a finitire number of stars

there are
a n
ifintie
number
of
stars

one is talking about infitiny
one is talking about infitiy
one is talking about infiity
one ifs talkingbeout ingieti
one is talking about ingitieny
one is talking about infiritiy
one is atalking about infitniy
one is talking a hout infitny

round a ryhtym exaplin just aexaplin

noone had suggested the univeserse was expanding or ctranacting

it was not created as we observe it today
believe in ineternal truths
they may grow old and die
the univserese is old and ahcneginh
the universe could not be static
they attempted to modyigy the theory




HOWEVER


if the stars in some region in some attraction became stronger

WAIT

there is a man outside in a motoryclr

YET

if that happened, the intervening matter would blow up til it glowed 'tas brightly as the surface of the sun would be had the stars not been shiinng forever

had it not reached
us
to bring us
to the question of whjat the stars had to say for themselves


the begininng of the universe
the begininger of the universe of course had been described for a long time
we starting describing it
they were describing it
the univerese were ddescribing it
it could not have been around all that long
for otherwise we woulve already progressed
more than
we had


there is
no
man
just
a
motorcycle

in other words

THE
INIVERSRE
IS
EXPANDINGNGGGGG
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!if there were events earkuer than this time then there existence would have no observational consequencess

the earlier time would not be dfeinifed

would be very different

an unchanging beginning

a constant beginning

there is no physical necessity for a beginning
would could not god create the physical eraeesons for there could be a begining

in the instance
of a
abg
big
gbiangbang

our sun is just an ordinary sized yellow star

chains chains change  in pinpoints of life

we cannot determine there size or shape
so how
can
we tell stars apart

there is only

one

ocaracteristic feature

it is spectrum
it is the rainbow

the relative brightness of the different colors
is emitted by an item glowing red hot

this means

MOREROVRRRRRRRRR++++

we know that each chemical element obesrves  very specific set of those whicy are present in the stars atmospheree

in the 1920as whent astronomners found something most peculiarar
the shifted
twoards
   REDDDD
endar spectrum

the . galxies., are . moving . away. from u.s

red shifted
red shigt was not random
but was directly proportional to the galzides distance form us
the universe could not be static

the distanes was growing all time

all the time

al of tihme

of la the time










however if it was expanding at more than a critical rate
gravity could not stop it
this is what happens
when one rock
fires another upwards
towards the surface of the erath
eventually gravity grabs the rocket
and will not be string enough tp pull it back

force which
unlike orther forces
did not come from a particular source
balance an attraction of all of the matter of the universe

only one man it seems was willing to take relativity at face value
......................................the russian phrysicit alexander frreeedman
is dead set
on explaining it.........................................................................

nopgeists

a very sensitive mircoooowave

dont be worried

your detector is not picjking up more noise than it ought to

do not check for bird droppings

there is noise form within the atmopsheree
because the atomppershe appears thincker when looking
at the lagnleo
aof the
avVETIRCAL


since it appears to be the same and different direction
the univesere must be the same and fdifereent direciton
whichever direction we look it
the reaction for which we take it
intrdocuting a suggestion
once a student
hot and dense
white hot

tou should still be able to see this glowing

its reaching is now
now at first sight
biw that it looks whicerher way it is that we look it

IN PARTICULAR

THERE IS


HWOEVER

we are not for or against this assumption
we are engrained in our modesty
not around under points in the universe

NOT

essnetially blowing up a balloon which could be the center of the expansion

the fast theyer are moving aprart

the speed at ehich any two gallexces are moving apaerat
are precitaded by the proportional distance from us


EXATLY
has

Ublwle
found it
IT

tho it does slow it down a bit
eventually the falaxies are moving apart at a steady speed

fianyll

there is a recollapse
in this cas eof eserpartaion

howeever
increases

FORCEVEr

but not quite reaching zero

space is bent round onto itself making it not unlike travelling the surface of the earth against an impassabvle barrier OVER THE EDHEGE back to
WHere
Wone
Stareted

the ideas that make good science fiction
dont have
practical syngtificance

would need to travel faster tan
light

that is not allowed

travel faster than light

will

W????

will the universe ecaenuatally expand contracintgn?
....every 5% 10%     EVERYT HOUSE AND YEAARS

all the loest estaimate of arate of epxansion

must containt dark matter

which we know must be ehtere
its distorts and racesa aagainst the effect of the emotion on the 1/10th required of lall expnsions

up to the ciritical value

BUT DONT BANK ON ITT

all we can sure is the univserse will reccollapse for 1000 milli0000n years
this will dooly not sure worry us
for long since man have since died out
they relinquish man for the dine of our dust

the big bang

all of the freidman solutions bewtween 10 and 200000 years ago at the time we called the big bagng at the curvature of space time would be invifinite which means that would preidvt that there is a singlukar teime in the uiniveserse that spacee time is smooth and nearly flast theat would space time is infintie ti sbve bthe bi aodofantke iafmoa ajejt akgjoaj akac ocrrespondingly if we know alonly what has happend since the big bang we canknowonlyofwhathadhappenedbeforeittweshouldthereforecontourofoutofthemodelandsayfortimehadabegininingethebigbangprobably becauseeof its catholic church serized on the big bang model in faccoredand with


THE

bibblle

was suggested in 1948 by tw0 refugrees whod worked on them radudrudruginyl the war
would therefore look roughly the same
at all poiwnts in space ato allow for the contiunal creation of matter
aabout

ONE particle
per cuble awould not conflict with ecpeierment
was simple

made defineite prediticsotns

should be the same whenever
and wherever
we LOokok un the universe

the cambridge group showed that most of these radiou sources were interperetedarigihtoutsielowerdediatntstorngierwthereaappaeraigaananearbyaouservstheiscouldhaveameantthateaweweereaataacenterofaaaa

ALTERNATIVELY

this could mean that shte sources weere more numerous than in the past
either conflagaration

MOREOVER

the discoevery of the microwabe wadiation by

PANZEUS and WILSON

in the 9156 attmpeted to avoid the conldusion
there was
a ebgiging

they suiggsestd that a big bang might be a peculirarity

PERHAPS

FEREIDMANDDDDDDD

they were all at the sample place

they all looked eat each other sideayws

theyd been at the same places
only close
CLSOER
together
they mightve flown past
and The WAVE from each OTHER

how then?

could we tell that kalabrekedue

were ruffly like randomly galaxies in the real universe

MOVING IN JSUT THE RIGHT WAY

MORE FRIEEDDMAN LIKE MODELS
MORE FREIEEEDMAN LIKE MODELS
MORE FRIEEEDMDDMAN LIKE MODELS
MORE GENERAL CLASS OF
FREEEEEEEEEEREFEEEEEDMAN LIKE MODELS

THER THEREFRORE WITHDERW THERE CLAME IN 1970














does

a


beginining of time






started by a british physicit
in 1965
show that which a start that collapesses under ts own gravity eventualy shrinks to

0ZERO0 size
time
know
as
the
black
hole


PANZEUS

himself was a grad student despsrately looking for feeshies

provided the universe were roughly like a freidnman model
could us it to prove that there was a singularity
onley so that
FREIDMANMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

DEVELOP
KNEW
TACICS
RELIEVE
THIS

a joi
nt
pa
per
th
e
un
ivers
e
containta
isnas
muich
asmatt
ermar
as
we
aobesr
ve


one ....
cannt relly argue with the beggining