Chimney Swift, Purple Martin & Swallows

*Built for life in the air - long tapering wings and light-weight bodies. Short, wide bills for scooping up insect prey.

*Very social and breed in colonies.

Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica

Coloration: Sooty gray, looks stubby between the long narrow wings. Has very tiny, vestigial feet with four clawed toes facing forward. These feet allow the swift to cling to upright surfaces.

Size: 5 inches long, 1 foot wingspan.

Flight Pattern: Bat-like, with shallow wing beats and erratic stalls and turns.

Diet: Flies, leafhoppers, flying ants, mayflies, stoneflies, beetles, leaf bugs and other flying insects. Spiders - ones floating on strands of silk borne aloft by air currents. They drink on the wing, skimming over the water while in flight.

*Thought to be monogamous and mate for life. Monogamous - The condition of having only one mate during a breeding season or during the breeding life of a pair.

Nest: Today the use manmade structures almost exclusively: Factory and house chimneys, silos, air shafts, & old wells, where they are protected from storms and predators. Shaped like a half-saucer and cemented to a vertical surface. The twigs are held together by the adults’ glutinous saliva, which solidifies and binds as it dries.

Eggs: 3-6 (4-5) White and unmarked. Both sexes incubate for 18 - 21 days. Young are born altricial (helpless, naked, and blind) and fed regurgitated insects. The young fledge after a month and join feeding flocks.

*Average lifespan is four years.

Purple Martin Progne Subis

Size: 8 inches in length - largest American swallow.

Coloration: Males are glistening blue-black, females & yearlings are grayish with pale bellies. Both sexes have a notched tail.

Flight Pattern: They are less maneuverable than other swallows & glide in circles punctuated with short periods of flapping flight.

Nest: Purple Martins like to nest in compartmented boxes. Nest is made out of grass, twigs & leaves inside the nest chamber.

Habitat: Open areas near water, meadows, and farmland.

Diet: ants, bees, flies, dragonflies, beetles, moths & butterflies.

Eggs: 4-5, white and unmarked, Incubated for 15-18 days.

* Flocks gather together prior to migration in august & September. They winter in the Amazon Basin.

Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor

Size: 5-6 inches long

Coloration: Iridescent green-black, or blue-black above and bright white beneath.

Nest: In tree cavities, woodpecker holes & bluebird boxes. They compete with bluebirds, starlings, house sparrows & house wrens. They are more aggressive than our other swallows, they will defend an area within a radius of about 15 yards from the nest. The nest is lined with grass, weeds, rootlets & pine needles.

Eggs: 4-7 pinkish-whitish eggs, after they are laid the female will add feathers (usually white ones) from other birds. Incubation is 14-15 days, the young fledge after three weeks.

*Earliest of our swallows to return north, in late March and April.

Diet: Unlike other species, they will switch to eating berries & seeds to survive cold periods when insects become torpid.

Habitat: Still waters of lakes, ponds, and marshes.

Northern Rough-Winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis

Size: 5 inches in length

Coloration: Nondescript brown and white.

*Named for small serrations in its outermost wing feathers.

Nest: Cavities in rock faces, quarries, & stream banks. Also in kingfisher burrows, drainpipes and culverts, sometimes they excavate their own burrows. At the end of a 1-6 ft. tunnel they heap twigs, bark, roots & weeds, and line a central cup with fine grasses.

Eggs: 4-8 pure white, 16 days for incubation.

Bank Swallow Riparia riparia

Size: 5 ½ inches long.

Coloration: They have a brown back, and a dark band across its pale breast. They have small feet and tiny bills.

Nest: They usually dig their own burrows, up to five feet deep in dirt banks, piles of gravel or sand and road cuts. They require banks that are steep & high. They nest from May - July.

Eggs: 4-5 eggs

Habitat: Fields, wetlands & along rivers and ponds.

Diet: Flies, beetles, wasps, winged ants, dragonflies, stoneflies, moths & other flying insects.

*Known as the sand martin in Europe & Asia.

Cliff Swallow Hirundo pyrrhonota

Size: 5-6 inches long.

Coloration: Pale rusty or buff colored rump. From below the tail; appears squared off.

Diet: Flying beetles, flies, winged ants, bees, wasps, mayflies, lace flies & other insects.

Nest: They build gourd-shaped nests out of pellets of mud, attached to cliffs, bridge supports, dams & unpainted barns. 1-2 weeks to build, and more than 1,000 mud pellets. Colonies can be very dense. Nets is lined with grass, hair, and feathers.

Eggs: 3-6 white, spotted with brown. Both incubate for 15 days. A female will sometimes lay an egg in another swallows nest, or carry an egg in her bill to a neighboring nest.

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica

Flight Pattern: Looks like an aerial ballet - with the birds sideslipping, stalling, twisting & turning low over water or fields in pursuit of their prey.

Diet: House flies, horse flies, beetles, wasps, bees, winged ants & others. In bad weather they will land and eat spiders, snails, berries or seeds.

Nest: Pairs nest on their own, or near a few other pairs. They build bowl shaped nests out of mud and straw, fixing them to walls, beams and eaves of barns and other outbuildings. They often line their nests with poultry feathers.

Eggs: 4-5 eggs, which are white spotted with brown. Both sexes incubate - switching about every 15 minutes. Young leave three weeks after hatching, some pairs raise a second brood.

*Most widespread swallow species in the world.

*Also my FAVORITE bird

Common Nighthawk & Whip-poor-will - Family Caprimulgidae

* Nocturnal & Crepuscular - Becoming active at twilight or before sunrise. Known as nightjars. They have large heads and eyes, and exceedingly wide mouths. Their long wings and large tails make for a buoyant, maneuverable flight.

Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor

Size: 9 in. long with a 2 foot wingspread, 2 ½ - 3 ounces.

Flight Pattern: Bouncy, erratic, full of twists and turns.

Coloration: Mix of gray and brown, long wings crook about halfway out and then taper to a point. Tail has a white band; white brightens the chin & throat; and white “bandages” on each wing are clearly visible from below.

Diet: They are constantly Over 50 insects are known to be preyed upon including; flying ants, june bugs, mosquitoes, moths, mayflies, caddis flies, wasps, and grasshoppers.

* They “Boom” - the sound is produced by air rushing through his primary wing feathers after a sudden downward flex of the wings while diving.

Nest: They nest in open fields, gravel beaches, rock ledges, burned-over woods, grasslands & and flat graveled roofs of buildings such as schools and grocery stores.

Eggs: Two creamy or pale gray, dotted with brown or gray, lain directly on the ground. Eggs hatch after 18 days, they are born semi - precocial. Both parents feed the chicks regurgitated insects. By 50 days old they are fully developed.

*One of our earliest migrants, leaves in August.

Whippoorwill Caprimulgus vociferous

Habitat: Moist woods, young brushy forests, abandoned farms, woodland edges, forest clearings & around water, orchards, and gardens.

Size: About the size of a common nighthawk, but the wingspan is not as great, it’s wings are broader and more rounded.

Coloration: On each side of the bill there is a vertical row or hair like bristles - they funnel prey into its mouth. Mix of camouflaging browns, both sexes have a white neck band, the male has white outer tailfeathers.

* Tapetum - gives off “eyeshine” - caused by this reflective layer, The tapetum amplifies small amounts of light by passing them back through the retina a second time.

Diet: They have a “sit-and-wait” method, this method is less energy expensive. Moths, mosquitoes, gnats, june bugs, & crane flies.

*Its soft feathering lets it fly as quietly as a owl.

Eggs: Two eggs are lain on the ground in dry open woods, often near the edge of a clearing. Most egg laying occurs in mid-may to mid-june. The eggs are off-white, speckled with tan, brown or lilac. They hatch after about three weeks. They first fly 20 days after hatching.

Blackbirds, Orioles, Cowbird & Starling

*All birds except the starling belong to subfamily icterinae. The blackbirds are a group that is only found in the Americas.

Habitat: In the northeast, they live mainly in open areas such as marshes, fields & woods edges.

*Most species are social, living in flocks outside of the nesting season.

Diet: In summer - mainly insects. In winter - mainly seeds. Orioles prefer berries to seeds; grackles eat a range of foods including the eggs and nestlings of other birds. Many blackbirds employ a feeding technique called “marina.” This is when an individual sticks its bill into a crevice or vegetation or beneath a rock or a stick, then suddenly opens it’s mandibles to push aside or pry away a screening object to expose an insect, spider, seed & ect.

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus

Coloration: Males; black, with white on the back and yellow on the nape of the neck. Females look like large sparrows.

Diet: Beetles, grasshoppers, caterpillars, ants & other insects, millipedes, spiders, seeds of weeds & grasses & grains.

Nest: They nest on the ground in moist meadows and fields of hay, clover, alfalfa or weeds. The adults will land away from the nest and walk to it.

Eggs: 5-6

Population: Most successful in the northwest & northeast on farmland at high elevations were cool spring and early-summer temp. retard hay growth & delay cutting until after broods have fledged.

Migration: They leave in August or September.

* Believed to be the most populous bird species in North America.

Size: 7-9 inches long.

Coloration: The male is jet black with a vivid red patch, or epaulet, bordered by a strip of yellow on the shoulders. Females and juveniles lack the epaulets and are drab brown with darker streaks.

*Males arrive on the breeding range in late February & early March with males preceding females by a week or two.

Habitat: Cattail marshes, swamps, wet meadows, pastures & hayfields.

Diet: In summer - dragonflies, mayflies, caddis flies, midges, mosquitoes, caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers, cicadas & and many other insects. In fall & winter - seeds of grasses & weeds, grains dropped by farming machinery; corn, wheat, oats, barley, rice and sunflowers.

*When a male has to go through another males territory he will cover his epaulet with other black feathers, this keeps him from being attacked.

 Nesting: Males have territories of 1/8 - ¼ of an acre; within this area, one to several females will nest. A male may mate with several females, and a female with several males. They nest in loose colonies. They will attack hawks and crows to drive them away from the nests. Males don’t help with the nest building. Females attach their open cup nests to cattail stalks or other marsh vegetation or place them in low trees near or over water; in hayfields and upland sites, females hide their nests in grass, weeds or shrubs.

Eggs: 3-4 pale bluish, blotched with browns and purples. Incubation is 10 days to two weeks. Both parents feed and young leave the nest after two weeks, they will re-nest.

Coloration: Both males & females have a brown streaked back and a bright yellow breast with a prominent black V; the outer tail feathers are white.

Habitat: Pastures, hayfields, fallow fields, strip mines that have been replanted to grass.

Diet: In summer- grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, ants, caterpillars and many other insects; also seeds and waste grains.

*Males arrive 2-4 weeks earlier than the females to establish territories which average 7 acres, 60-80% of males have 2-3 mates.

Nest: The female builds a ground nest in grass or weeds 10-20 inches high; the nest, usually in a slight depression, is made of dry grasses with a woven dome-shaped roof and a side entry.

Eggs: Eggs are lain from late May through June. Early mowing of hayfields destroys many nests. 3-5 white, heavily blotched with brown. Incubation is for about two weeks, after the young hatch both parents feed them insects. Young leave the nest after 10-12 days and are fed by their parents for another 2-4 weeks. Some females will raise 2 broods.

Population: Some winter here, but most south. The population has declined due to loss of habitat.

Coloration: Sleek, black birds with iridescent purple, green & bronze highlights in their plumage. Long wedge-shaped tails.

Size: 12 inches long.

Habitat: Suburbs, towns, farming areas & streamside groves.

Diet: They forage mainly on the ground and eat insects; beetles, grubs, grasshoppers, caterpillars, millipedes, spiders, earthworms, crayfish, minnows, frogs, the eggs & young of other birds, and even small rodents.

*Grackles remain social throughout the year.

Nest: They nest in colonies of 10-30 pairs, usually in evergreen trees, where mated pairs will defend only a small area right around the nest. They nest from April to July. The female builds a cup shaped nest out of grasses and mud.

Eggs: 4-5, only the female incubates for 12-14 days. Both parents feed the young who fledge after 16-20 days.

Migration: Most grackles winter in the south, but some stay here.

Habitat: Farms, fields & wood edges.

Coloration: Males- Black bodies and brown heads, females are brownish gray.

Diet: Seeds of grasses and weeds, plus waste grains make up about half of the birds’ diet in summer and more than 90% in winter. Also insects, particularly grasshoppers, beetles & caterpillars.

*They used to follow the buffalo herds in the past and gained the nickname “Buffalo Bird.”

Nest: This species does not build a nest, they are brood parasites. The females lay their eggs in the nest of other birds, who guided by instincts, will raise it as their own. Cowbirds have been reported to parasitize more than 220 different species. In the northeast the particularly plague warblers, vireos, flycatchers, finches, thrushes & sparrows. A female cowbird will sneak in to a nest that is temporarily unoccupied, quickly lay an egg, and fly off, sometimes after removing or eating one of the host’s eggs.

Eggs: Whitish with brown and gray spots. Yound cowbirds, hatched and fed by the host parents, grow rapidly; they monopolize food and may even crowd the other young out of the nest. They fledge in 10-12 days. May lay up to 40 eggs of these 2-3 make it.

*Ornithologists cite cowbird predation as a major factor - along with habitat loss - in declines of many species, including the wood thrush.

Migration: They migrate in large flocks in spring and fall. They winter mainly in the southern states & in Central America.

Coloration: Males - Chestnut & black. Female - olive & yellow.

Size: Robin sized.

Habitat: Open areas; parks, old orchards, & shade groves, with scattered large trees. The avoid deep woods.

Diet: insects, berries, necter & flowers.

Nest: Pairs are thought to monogamous: The condition of having only one mate during a breeding season or during the breeding life of a pair. The female builds a hanging basketlike nest among dense leaves in a tree, usually 10-20 ft. above the ground.

Eggs: 3-7, incubated for 12-15 days. Both parents feed young which leave after two weeks.

*Brown-headed cowbirds often parasitize.

Migration: Long distance migrants, they winter in Mexico and Central America.

*Also called the northern oriole.

Coloration: Male - Brilliant orange body and blackhead. (Black & orange were the heraldic colors of lord Baltimore, an English colonist and founder of present day Maryland.) Female is yellow-orange.

Habitat: Open woods, residential areas, parks, fencerows & and tall trees along streams (often sycamores or most American elms.)

Diet: Insects, particularly caterpillars; spiders; snails; berries. Including mulberries, serviceberries, and blackberries; cultivated fruits; and flowers. They will visit feeding stations for sugar water and pieces of fruit.

Nest: Sack-like hanging nest, intricately woven by the female out of plant fibers, pieces of string, grapevine bark and grasses. A central chamber is lined with hair, fine grasses and cottony plant matter. Nests are usually hung at the ends of pliant branches, probably to deter predators.

Eggs: 3-6 that hatch after 12-14 days. .Both parents feed the nestlings, which leave the nest after 2 weeks.

Migration: They leave quite early in July & August. They winter in southern Mexico, Central America and Northern South America, where they feed on insects & nectar.

*From 100 birds released in the 1890’s in New York City’s Central Park have descended more than 200 million starlings populating North America today.

Coloration: Chunky birds with short tails and long straight bills; airborne the show a distinct triangular shape. Their plumage is black with iridescent highlights.

Habitat: Adaptable, hardy & wary birds. Farmland, suburbs, cities & wood edges.

Diet: They eat equal amounts of animal and plant food, including beetles, grasshoppers, ants, flies, caterpillars (gypsy moth and tent caterpillars are frequent prey), earthworms, grains, cherries & mulberries.

Nest: They begin defending nest cavities in late winter, pre-empting them before native cavity-nesters start claiming territories. They nest in woodpecker holes, crevices in trees & buildings, and in bird houses. The female fills the nest cavity with grasses, weed stems, twigs, old cloth & dry leaves. Then she lines a central cup with fine grasses and feathers.

Eggs: 4-6 unmarked pale bluish green. Both incubate for 12 days. Both feed the young who leave after three weeks. By this time their droppings have so fouled the nest that they go in search of another cavity to raise another brood. Often they drive native birds from their nests, including woodpeckers, nuthatches, great crested flycatchers, tree swallows, house wrens, and bluebirds. Harassment from the starling may have caused recent declines in populations of the northern flicker and red-headed woodpecker.

* They feed in flocks and roost together at night. In late summer & fall their roosts may contain thousands or birds. Life span is about 1 ½ years.

Flock of Starlings

Male Starling

Female Starling

Starling attacking a eastern screech owl while in nest

Pennsylvania Envirothon 2006
Wildlife Station
Essential Topics

I.  Knowledge of Birds and Mammals 
  a.  Bird and mammal identification 
  b. Natural history of birds and mammals 
  c. Habitat/ecosystem types and associated wildlife 
II.  Understanding Wildlife Ecology 
  a. Survival requirements of wildlife and how they are met 
  b. Ecosystem dynamics: 
  *Predator-prey relationships
*Energy flow-food chain, food web, food pyramid
*Succession 
  c. Adaptations 
  d. Population dynamics 
III.  Conservation and Management of Wildlife 
  a. Pennsylvania Game Commission 
  b. Hunting and Trapping regulations 
  c. Pennsylvania Game and Wildlife code 
  d. Wildlife Management 
  e. Improving/managing habitat for wildlife 
IV.  Issues Involving Wildlife and Society 
  a. Endangered and threatened species 
  b. Habitat loss and fragmentation 
  c. Managing/planning for people and wildlife 
  d. Non-native species; invasive species; introduced species 
  e. Reintroduction of native species 

Learning Objectives
Envirothon Students will be able to:
 1. Knowledge of Wild Birds and Mammals 
   a. Answer questions concerning the natural history of wild bird and mammal species and identify birds and mammals if given natural history information. 
   b. Identify and be able to group animals that would be associated with specific ecosystems. 
   c. Evaluate a specific habitat and select or list species most likely to live there. 
   d. Describe ways habitat can be managed/improved for specific birds and mammals 
   e. Describe various roles of birds and mammals in their ecosystems and be able to cite examples. 
   f Identify wildlife species from mounted specimens, pictures or silhouettes. (Species for items a - f are selected from the Wildlife Notes found on List B in the Appendix.) 
   g Identify wildlife species based on signs including: fur, hair, feathers, gnawings, rubbings, pellets, tracks*, skulls# and scat. (tracks for *animals only and skulls for # animals) - Wildlife species are selected from list C in the Appendix. 
h. Identify birdcalls of bird species found on list A in the appendix.
 
2.
Understanding Wildlife Ecology 
   a. Identify basic needs required by wildlife. 
   b. Identify, describe, and explain specific anatomical, physiological and/or behavioral adaptations of wildlife to the environment and how they help the animal survive. (i.e. migration, hibernation, defense posturing, strong beak, webbed feet, etc.) 
   c. Describe predator-prey relationships, discuss physical adaptations of predator vs. prey species, and be able to cite examples.  
   d. Describe food chains and food webs and be able to cite examples. 
   e. Describe factors that limit or enhance population growth. 
   f. Define and explain terms associated with wildlife biology and wildlife populations. (i.e. natality, mortality, precocial, atricial, crepuscular, nocturnal, delayed implantation, carnivore, herbivore, insectivore, omnivore, etc.). 
   g. Define and explain basic ecological concepts and terminology (i.e. limiting factor, carrying capacity, territory, home range, population, community, succession, etc.). 
 
3.
Conservation and Management of Wildlife  
   a. Describe the role of the Game Commission as the agency responsible for the protection, conservation, and management of wild birds and mammals of Pennsylvania. 
   b. Identify the Game Commission as the agency responsible for hunting and trapping regulations and upholding the Game and Wildlife code in the state of Pennsylvania. 
   c. Answer questions concerning hunting and trapping regulations - related to pages indicated in the Reference section of the Appendix. 
   d. Classify birds and mammals as to Game and Wildlife Code classifications. 
   e. Identify and describe methods that can be used to evaluate a habitat. 
   g. Identify and describe methods that can be used to determine the abundance and distribution of wildlife. 
   h. Identify and describe methods that can be used to determine the specific needs of a species. 
   i. Describe methods used to manage and conserve wildlife and wildlife habitat. 
j. Describe ways each person can help in the protection, conservation management and enhancement of wild bird and mammal populations.
   
 4. Issues Involving Wildlife and Society 
   a. Identify wild birds and mammals that are listed as endangered, threatened or candidate species and describe the main causes that have led to the depleted populations and describe measures being taken to help their recovery. 
   b. Identify and explain factors that have led to species becoming endangered and threatened. 
   c. Identify and explain factors which can make a species more likely to become endangered and threatened. 
   d. Identify and explain methods that are used to save an endangered or threatened species. 
   e. Describe major causes of habitat loss in Pennsylvania and how habitat loss affects wildlife. 
   f. Describe issues surrounding the affect of wildlife on landscapes conserved for cultural and/or ecological features.( for example the effect an overpopulation of deer or geese could have on a scenic area, natural area, battlefield, state park, national park, etc.; large bat colony or pigeon roost inhabiting an historic building, etc.) 
 
  
**Advisors note, new items are shown by italicized words/letter.

Reference Materials List
The following references can be found on Envirothon Wildlife CD.

 
 1. Wildlife Note Series - see List B for Wildlife Notes needed  
 2. Helping Wildlife: Working with Nature booklet - This booklet can be obtained by contacting your County's Envirothon Coordinator.  
 3. Envirothon Animal Track Sheet - see List C for Identification of Wildlife sign indicated by an asterisk *  
 4. Envirothon Skull Reference Resource: compiled by PA Game Commission - see List C for Identification of Wildlife sign indicated by the pound sign #.  
 5. Endangered and threatened species Birds and Mammals - PGC web page www.pgc.state.pa.us Click on Wildlife (left hand side) Endangered/Threatened species from middle reference materials and the species material.  
 6. 2005-2006 Pennsylvania Digest of Hunting and Trapping regulations - the following sections only: "General Hunting Regulations" and "State Game Land Regulations" and wildlife classification. This can be found on the PGC web page at www.pgc.state.pa.us - click on Hunters and Trappers (left) then 2005-2006 Hunting and Trapping Digest.  
 7. 2005 Game Commission annual report found in the January 2006 Game News - the following sections only: Wildlife Management, Wildlife Habitat Management, Wildlife Habitat Protection, Land Access, Communications and Education. From the website click on Wildlife; click Wildlife Management Annual Reports; click Annual Agency Reports; click Wildlife Management; click Habitat Protection and Education.  
 8. Pennsylvania Envirothon Bird Song CD   
 9. To view drawings of skulls go to the Smithsonian Institute Zoology, North American Mammals website http://web4.si.edu/mna/ and search by species name.   
 

LIST A: Identification of BIRD Calls, Songs, and Sounds
(Based on Pennsylvania Envirothon Bird Tape) Mourning Dove
Robin  
Northern Flicker  
Bluejay
Canada Goose
Red-Tailed Hawk  
Wood Duck
American Crow 
Cardinal
House Sparrow
Black-Capped Chikadee
 Ring-Necked Pheasant
Wood Thrush
House Wren
Great-Horned Owl
Barred Owl
Screech Owl
American Woodcock
Pileated Woodpecker
Red-Winged Blackbird
Great Blue Heron
 Wild Turkey
Mallard
Meadowlark
Barn Owl
Kestrel
Common Nighthawk
Grouse
Eastern Towhee
Osprey
Bald Eagle
 
 

LIST B: Identification, Natural History, Wildlife Biology, and Habitat Evaluation based on the following Wildlife Notes:
Bats
Beaver
Black Bear
Blackbirds, Orioles, Cowbird &Starling
Bobcat
Canada Goose
Chickadees, Nuthatches, Titmouse & Brown Creeper
Chimney Swifts, Purple Martin & Swallows
Common Nighthawk & Whip-poor-wills
Cottontail Rabbit
Crows and Ravens
Eagles and Osprey

 Eastern Coyote
Finches and House Sparrow
Fisher
Foxes (Red and Gray)
Hawks (Raptors)
Heron Family
Mallard
Mice and Voles
Minks and Muskrats
Northern Cardinal, Grosbeaks, Indigo Bunting & Dickcissel
Opossum
Otter (River)
Owls
Porcupine
Puddle Ducks

 Raccoon
Ruffed Grouse
Shrews
Sparrows and Towhee
Squirrels
Tanagers
Thrushes
Vultures
Weasels
White-Tailed Deer
Wild Turkey
Wrens
Woodchuck
Wood Warblers
Woodpeckers 
Most Wildlife Notes may be found on the PGC web site, www.pgc.state.pa.us, click on Wildlife (left hand), and then on Wildlife Notes (on right hand side of screen). 
 
LIST C: Identification of WILDLIFE SIGN
SIGNS CAN INCLUDE: fur, hair, feathers, gnawings, rubbings, pellets, nests, scat, skulls #, and tracks* (only *animals for tracks and only # animals for skulls.)
Baltimore Oriole
Bear*#
Beaver*#
Black-Capped Chickadee
Bobcat*#
Canada Goose
Cottontail Rabbit *#
Coyote*#
Crow
Eastern Bluebird (See Thrushes)
Elk*  House Sparrow
Fisher
Gray Fox*
Mallard
Mink*
Muskrat*
Opossum
Owl
Pheasant, Ring-Necked
Porcupine
Raccoon *# Red Fox*
River Otter*
Robin (See Thrushes)
Ruffed Grouse
Gray Squirrel*
Starling
White-Tailed Deer*#
Wild Turkey
Wood Duck
Woodchuck*
Woodcock